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1 financed portion
профинансированная часть: финансируемая за счет кредита часть экспортного контракта.* * * -
2 financed portion
Банковское дело: финансируемая часть экспортного контракта -
3 portion
1. n часть, доля2. n юр. доля в наследстве наследника по закону3. n приданое4. n порция5. n книжн. доля, удел; участь6. n ж. -д. часть состава7. v делить на части, на доли8. v давать приданое9. v выпадать на долю; становиться участьюdisposable portion — часть имущества, которым наследодатель может распорядиться свободно
Синонимический ряд:1. fate (noun) circumstance; destiny; doom; fate; kismet; lot; moira; predestination; weird2. helping (noun) helping; serving3. interest (noun) claim; interest; stake; title4. piece (noun) bit; cut; division; fragment; member; moiety; morsel; parcel; piece; scrap; section; segment; slice; subdivision5. ration (noun) allocation; allotment; allowance; apportionment; bite; dividend; dole; dowry; measure; meed; part; partage; quantum; quota; ration; share6. allot (verb) allot; deal out; distribute; endow; parcel out7. deal (verb) apportion; deal; disburse; dispense; divide; dole out; measure out; parcel; prorate; quota; ration; share8. give (verb) allocate; allow; apportion; assign; give; meteАнтонимический ряд:entirety; mass; nothing; sum; total; whole -
4 portion to be financed
• rahoitusosuus -
5 remaining portion
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6 end portion
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7 финансируемая часть
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8 финансируемая часть экспортного контракта
Banking: financed portionУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > финансируемая часть экспортного контракта
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9 rahoitusosuus
• portion to be financed -
10 frei
frei I adj 1. COMP, GEN free; 2. IMP/EXP fr. free, franco, fco.; 3. PERS free, idle; 4. LOGIS fr., free, franco, fco. • einen freien Beruf ausüben WIWI (AE) practice a profession, (BE) practise a profession frei II adv LOGIS ex* * *adj 1. <Comp, Geschäft> free; 2. <Imp/Exp> (fr.) free, franco (fco.) ; 3. < Person> free, idle; 4. < Transp> (fr.) free, franco (fco.) ; 5. < Verwalt> idle ■ einen freien Beruf ausüben <Vw> practice a profession (AE), practise a profession (BE)* * *frei
(befreit) exempt, (Stellung) vacant, open, void, (Taxi) for hire, (Telefonleitung) disengaged, (überzählig) spare, (umsonst) gratis, gratuitous, (unabhängig) independent, unbound, (unbewirtschaftet) decontrolled, (unbewohnt) vacant, (uneingeschränkt) without control, (ungehindert) unhampered;
• frei ab hier delivered here;
• frei Abgangsbahnhof free station of departure;
• frei durch Ablösung on Her (His) Majesty’s Service (Br.), franking privilege (US);
• frei von Abzügen free from all deductions;
• frei für Anlieger open to residents only;
• frei von Aufbringung und Beschlagnahme free of capture and seizure;
• frei Bahnhof free station;
• frei Bahnwagen free on rail;
• frei Baustelle free at building site;
• frei von Belastungen free from encumbrances;
• frei Bestimmungsbahnhof free station of destination;
• frei an Bord free (delivered) on board, fob, f.o.b., free of steamer;
• frei an Bord des Flugzeugs free on aircraft, free on plane;
• frei an Bord zu liefern deliverable free on board, to be delivered on board free of charge;
• frei von Bruch und Beschädigung free from break and damage;
• frei Eisenbahngleis free on platform;
• frei Empfangshafen inklusive Provision cost, insurance, freight and commission (cifc);
• frei bis zur Entladung free overside;
• frei erhältlich unrationed;
• frei finanziert privately financed;
• frei Flugzeug free on aircraft;
• frei geliefert free delivered;
• frei ein und aus und gestaut free in and out and stowed;
• frei [ins] Haus free to the door, carriage- (delivery-) free, no charge for delivery;
• frei von Havarie free of average;
• frei Kai (Ufer) free docks (on quay);
• frei für Kinder (Film) suitable for children;
• frei konvertierbar convertible;
• frei von allen Kosten cost-free;
• frei LKW ab Lager free on truck;
• frei von Leerfracht (Charterunternehmen) free of deadweight;
• frei gegen Lieferschein free against documents;
• frei einschließlich Löschung im Ankunftshafen free overside;
• frei von Rechten Dritter (Nachlass) free and clear;
• frei von bekannten Schäden free of reported casualty;
• frei Schiff free on steamer, free overside (overboard);
• frei längseitig Schiff free alongside ship (vessel);
• frei von Schulden clear of debt, unencumbered;
• frei und unbelastet (Grundstück) free and clear;
• frei und ungebunden free and easy, fancy-free;
• frei Waggon free on rail;
• frei Warenlager delivered in store;
• frei von Zusätzen without admixtures;
• 20 Pfund Gepäck frei haben to be allowed 20 pounds luggage (Br.) (baggage, US);
• über sein Vermögen frei verfügen können to have entire disposal of one’s estate;
• frei lassen to leave blank;
• sich frei nehmen to take time off;
• sich einen Tag frei nehmen [to arrange] to take a day off (a holiday);
• frei und offen reden to speak candidly;
• frei werden (Posten) to fall void (vacant);
• frei Bahnsteig geliefert werden to be delivered free railway station;
• von der Haftung frei werden to be exonerated;
• freie Berufswahl free choice of profession;
• frei verfügbares Einkommen spendable (discretionary) income;
• freier Eintritt free admission;
• nach freiem Ermessen at one’s own discretion;
• freier Frachtraum surplus cargo space;
• freier Geldumlauf free circulation of money;
• freies Geleit safe conduct;
• freie Gewerkschaftsbewegung free union movement;
• freier Grenzübertritt free entry;
• freier Grundbesitz freehold;
• frei verfügbare Guthaben available assets;
• freie Hand free scope, (ungebunden) noncommittal;
• frei Hand lassen to give free run, to allow s. o. free rein;
• im freien Handel in the shops;
• freier Journalist free-lance writer;
• freie Kapazität spare capacity;
• frei verfügbare Kaufkraft discretionary buying power;
• freie Kost und Station board and lodging;
• freie Liegezeit free time;
• freier Makler outside (street, Br.) broker;
• freier Markt open market, (Börse) outside (unofficial, open, street, Br., curb, kerb, Br.) market;
• freie Marktwirtschaft free-enterprise system [economy], free-market (laissez-faire) economy;
• freier Mitarbeiter (Werbung) outside artist, (Zeitung) free-lancer;
• frei verfügbare Mittel loose funds;
• freier Nachmittag half holiday, afternoon off;
• freier Personen-, Dienst- und Kapitalverkehr (EU) free movement of persons, services and capital;
• frei verkaufte Produkte over-the-counter products;
• freier Raum blank space;
• freie Rücklagen available (voluntary) reserve, reserve at disposal, discretionary appropriations (US), (Versicherung) free surplus;
• frei vereinbarte Schiedsgerichtsbarkeit voluntary arbitration;
• freie Seite blank page;
• freier Sender independent broadcasting station;
• freie Stelle vacancy, vacant office;
• sich um eine freie Stelle bewerben to apply for a vacant position;
• freie Strecke (Bahn) open track;
• freie Stücke (Börse) negotiable securities;
• aus freien Stücken of one’s own accord, voluntarily;
• freier Tag holiday, day off, open (free) day;
• freie Übersetzung (Übertragung) free (loose) translation;
• freies Unternehmertum free enterprise;
• im Wege freier Vereinbarung by private treaty;
• zu jds. freier Verfügung stehend free;
• freies Verfügungsrecht right to dispose;
• freier Verkehr open market;
• freies Vermögen unencumbered assets;
• frei verfügbarer Vermögensanteil (Erblasser) disposable portion of property;
• frei verfügbare Vermögenswerte liquid assets;
• freie Wahl haben to have the liberty of choice;
• frei konvertierbare Währung freely convertible currency;
• freier Währungsraum free-currency area;
• frei eingeführte Waren freely imported goods;
• freie Wareneinfuhr free import of goods;
• freie Wechselkurse fluctuating exchange rates;
• freier Wettbewerb free (freedom of) competition;
• freie Wirtschaft uncontrolled economy;
• freier Wohnraum unrestricted (uncontrolled) dwelling space;
• frei finanzierter Wohnungsbau privately financed dwellings;
• freie Zustellung delivery free. -
11 Anlage
Anlage f (Anl.) 1. BANK, BÖRSE investment; 2. COMP system; attachment (E-Mail); 3. FIN investment; 4. GEN appendix, enclosure, encl., enclosed (am Ende eines Schreibens); 5. IND plant; 6. RECHT (AE) annex, (BE) annexe; 7. WIWI investment; 8. UMWELT installation • als Anlage KOMM enclosed* * *f (Anl.) 1. <Bank, Börse> investment; 2. < Comp> system, E-Mail attachment; 3. < Finanz> investment; 4. < Geschäft> appendix, enclosure (encl.), am Ende eines Schreibens enclosed; 5. < Ind> plant; 6. < Recht> annex (AE), annexe (BE) ; 7. <Vw> investment; 8. < Umwelt> installation ■ als Anlage < Komm> enclosed* * *Anlage
(Anordnung) disposition, design, outline, layout, laying out, (Begleitschreiben) schedule, (Beilage) enclosure, attachment, inclosure, exhibit, attached letter, appendix, (Betrieb) plant, factory, (Computer) hardware, (Entwurf) plan, draft, (Investition) invested capital, placement, placing, investment, (Maschinerie) unit, rig, (Montage) package, (Urkunde) annex, rider, (Veranlagung) predisposition;
• in der Anlage annexed (US);
• in der Anlage erhalten Sie inclosed (attached) please find;
• Anlagen (Bilanz) assets, equipment, facilities;
• abgeschriebene Anlage retirement unit;
• in der Substanz abnehmende Anlagen non-replaceable assets;
• ausgesuchte Anlage choice investment;
• außerbetriebliche Anlagen non-operating assets;
• im Bau befindliche Anlagen construction (sites) in progress;
• betriebsfertige Anlage factory at work;
• dem Geschäftsbetrieb dienende Anlagen assets for use in the business;
• elektrische Anlage electric plant, wiring;
• erneuerte Anlage replacement unit;
• aus der Bilanz ersichtliche Anlagen balance-sheet assets;
• erste Anlagen A-rating;
• erstklassige Anlage high-grade investment;
• ertragreiche Anlagen profitable investment;
• später erworbene Anlagen after-acquired assets;
• feste Anlagen fixtures, fixed (permanent, capital, slow) assets;
• festverzinsliche Anlage fixed [-interest bearing] investment;
• fixe Anlagen fixed assets;
• flüssige Anlagen quick (liquid, fluid, floating) assets;
• gebäudeähnliche Anlage structure in the nature of a building;
• genehmigungsbedürftige Anlagen installation subject to approval;
• außer Betrieb genommene Anlage retirement unit;
• neu in Betrieb genommene Anlage newly established plant;
• im Leasingverfahren gepachtete Anlagen leased facilities;
• getrennte Anlagen (Pensionsfonds) separate accounts;
• Gewinn bringende Anlagen earning assets, profitable (paying) investment;
• industrielle Anlagen industrial installations;
• installierte Anlage installation;
• kurzfristige Anlage short-term (temporary) investment;
• kurzfristige spekulative Anlage speculation (Br.), turn (US), round transaction (US);
• landwirtschaftliche Anlagen agricultural assets;
• langfristige Anlagen long-term (long-time) investments (holdings);
• liquide Anlagen quick (floating, fluid, liquid, US) assets;
• lukrative Anlage profitable (remunerative) investment;
• maschinelle Anlagen machinery, plant equipment;
• mittelfristige Anlagen medium-term investments;
• moderne Anlagen modern equipment;
• mündelsichere Anlagen gilt-edged (Br.) (legal, US) security, legal (eligible, US, trustee, Br.) investment, trustee loan (Br.);
• öffentliche Anlagen public parks;
• reststoffarme Anlage low residue plant;
• risikoärmere Anlagen (Investmentfonds) defensive portion (US);
• risikoreiche Anlagen (Investmentfonds) aggressive portion (US), aggressive investments;
• sanitäre Anlagen hygienic facilities;
• sichere Anlagen safe (non-speculative) investments;
• spekulative Anlagen aggressive (speculative, special-situation) investments;
• städtische Anlagen public garden (US), pleasure ground, grounds, park;
• stillgelegte Anlagen discarded assets;
• technische Anlagen plant;
• unabhängige Anlagen self-contained units;
• unbelastete Anlagen available assets;
• unproduktive Anlagen dead assets;
• verteidigungsbedingte Anlagen defense- (defence-, Br.) financed facilities;
• verteilte Anlagen diversification;
• verzinsliche Anlagen interest-bearing investments;
• vorübergehende Anlagen current investment;
• wertschaffende Anlagen productive investments;
• Anlage in Aktien share investment (Br.), investment in shares (stocks);
• Anlagen im Ausland foreign investments;
• Anlagen im Bau (Bilanz) installation (plant) under construction, construction in progress;
• Anlagen auf Depositenkonto fixed-deposit investments;
• Anlage zur Einkommensteuererklärung supporting statement;
• Anlagen in Ersthypotheken first-mortgage investments;
• Anlage mit festem Ertrag fixed[-yield] investment;
• Anlage von Geldbeträgen investment of funds;
• Anlage in Grundstücken real-estate investments;
• rückläufige Anlagen in Investitionsgütern fall in investment in equipment;
• Anlage von Kapitalien investment of funds, capital investment;
• Anlage einer Kartei card indexing;
• Anlage überschüssiger Mittel employment of surplus funds;
• Anlage mit verteiltem Risiko diversification of one’s investments;
• Anlage in Staatspapieren funding;
• Anlage zu einem Vertrag enclosure (schedule) to a contract;
• Anlage in Wertpapieren investment in securities;
• Anlage abschreiben to write down an asset;
• in der Anlage beifügen to enclose, to attach;
• Anlagen im Licht des Liquidationstermins bewerten to value assets on a gone-concern basis;
• zur Anlage empfehlen to single out for investment;
• als langfristige Anlage empfehlen to advise retention of longer commitments;
• Anlagen erneuern to replace fixed assets;
• abgenutzte Anlagen ersetzen to replace worn-out equipment;
• Anlagen erweitern to expand its plant;
• lediglich die Anlagen eines anderen Betriebes erwerben to acquire only the assets of another business;
• als Anlage für lange Sicht gelten to have long-term appeal, to be a purchase for the long pull (US);
• Anlage zum Geschäftsmann haben to have a turn for business;
• Wert einer Anlage heraufsetzen to write up the value of an asset;
• Anlage außer Betrieb nehmen to retire (discard) a unit;
• städtische Anlagen schützen to patrol the parks;
• für eine langfristige Anlage attraktiv sein to have long-term appeal, to be a purchase for the long pull (US);
• Anlage außer Betrieb setzen to discard (retire) an asset;
• in eine steuerfreie Anlage umwandeln to convert an investment into a non-taxable form;
• Anlageart type of investment;
• Anlageaufwand investment expense;
• Anlageausschuss capital issue committee, (Kapitalanlagegesellschaft) investment committee;
• Anlagebank investment bank[er], investment trust;
• attraktive Anlagebedingungen für industriell weniger erschlossene Gebiete schaffen to attract investment to poorer regions;
• Anlagebedürfnis investment demand;
• Anlagebefugnis power of investment;
• Anlagebegeisterung investment enthusiasm;
• Anlageberater investment adviser (consultant, counsellor, US), financial investment manager, security analyst (US), (Bank) investment officer, (Kapitalanlagegesellschaft) investment manager;
• Anlageberatung investment advisory service, investment counselling (US), investment advice (Br.), security (investment) analysis (US), (Investmentfonds) investment management;
• Anlageberatungsfirma investment advisory concern, counselling firm (US);
• Anlageberatungsvertrag investment advisory contract (agreement);
• Anlagebereich investment area;
• Anlagebereitschaft propensity (inclination, readiness) to invest;
• Anlagebereitschaft der Kapitalanlagegesellschaften animieren to put pep back into the investment-trust sector;
• Anlagebereitschaft zeigen to be ready to invest;
• Anlagebeschränkungen restrictions on investment, investment restrictions;
• Anlagebeschränkung in Richtung auf bestimmte Sparten (Versicherungsgesellschaft) restriction on investment of special classes;
• Anlagebestimmungen investment clauses, (Kapitalanlagegesellschaft) investment policy;
• weitgestreute Anlagebeteiligungen diversified holdings;
• Anlagebetrag amount invested;
• Anlagebuchführung investment accounting;
• Anlagechancen im Immobiliengeschäft property investment opportunities;
• Anlageentschluss investment decision, (Anlagegesellschaft) fund decision;
• Anlageerfahrung investment experience;
• Anlageerlöse investment earnings;
• ausländische Anlageerlöse devisenmäßig vereinnahmen to repatriate earnings from foreign investments;
• Anlageerneuerungsplan replacement program(me);
• Anlageerneuerungssatz replacement rate;
• Anlageerträgnisse investment earnings;
• Anlagefachmann security analyst;
• Anlagefonds investment trust, (Kapitalanlagegesellschaft) fund money, investment fund;
• Anlageform type of investment;
• vorgeschriebene liquide Anlageformen specific reserve assets;
• Anlagefragen investment matters;
• Anlagegegenstände fixed intangible assets;
• Anlagegeschäft investment banking (business);
• riesiges Anlagegeschäft gigantic scale of buying of securities;
• Anlagegeschäftsaufgaben investment-banking functions. -
12 soft dollaring
See:Another reason managers are interested in controlling client commissions deserves special attention. "Soft dollaring" has got to be one of the most misunderstood and controversial practices in the money management business. The very term "soft dollars" suggests something shady and conjures up images of money exchanging hands in dark alleyways. Among laymen, soft dollars may be confused with "soft money" political contributions. There is a thin connection between "soft dollars" and "soft money." Since brokerage firms are not subject to the same rules pertaining to political contributions as municipal underwriting firms, large "soft money" contributions from owners of brokerage firms do find their way into politicians' coffers more easily than contributions from underwriters. However, it is important to not confuse the two terms.So what is "soft dollaring?" Soft dollaring is the practice whereby money managers use client brokerage commissions to purchase investment research. When a manager pays for products or services with his own money, directly from the research provider, this is referred to as "hard dollars." Payment with client commissions, financed through a brokerage firm, is referred to as "soft dollars." Through soft dollar arrangements money managers are permitted to shift an expense related to the management of assets they would otherwise have to bear, onto their clients. The amount of this research expense the money management industry transfers onto its clients is in the billions annually. As a result, any analysis of the economics of the money management industry should include the effects of soft dollaring; however, we are unaware of any that has. In the institutional marketplace, strange as it may seem, it is possible for a money manager to profit more from soft dollars than from the negotiated asset management fee he receives.The general rule under the federal and state securities laws is that a fiduciary, the money manager, cannot use client assets for his own benefit or the benefit of other clients. To simplify matters greatly, soft dollaring is a legally prescribed exception to this rule. Congress, the SEC and other regulators have agreed that as long as the research purchased assists the manager in making investment decisions, the clients benefit and its legally acceptable. A tremendous amount of strained analysis has gone into the precise policies and procedures that managers must follow in purchasing research with client commission dollars. Over the years a distinction has been made between "proprietary" research or in-house research distributed to brokerage customers without a price tag attached and "independent third-party" research or research written by a third party and sold to managers at a stated price. Third party research has been most frequently criticized because its cost is separately stated and the benefit to managers most obvious. In this latter case, a breach of fiduciary duty seems most glaring. However, it is well known that proprietary research, offered for "free, " is produced to stimulate sales of dealer inventory. So presumably this research lacks credibility and is less beneficial to clients. There have been distinctions drawn between products and services, such as computers, which are "mixed-use, " i.e., which may serve dual purposes, providing both research and administrative uses. An adviser must make a reasonable allocation of the cost of the product according to its uses, the SEC has said. Some portion must be paid for with "hard" dollars and the other with "soft." There are several articles in our Library of Articles that describe soft dollar practices, rule changes and our proposal to Chairman Levitt to reform the soft dollar business.The issue that soft dollaring raises is: when is it acceptable for a manager to benefit from his client's commissions? For purposes of this article we would like to introduce a new and more useful perspective for pensions in their analysis of soft dollars or any other brokerage issue. That is, all brokerage commissions controlled by managers, benefit managers in some way. Brokerage decision-making by managers rarely, if ever, is simply based upon what firm can execute the trade at the best price. Brokerage is a commodity. Almost all brokerage firms offer reasonably competent, "best execution" services. If they didn't, they'd get sued and soon be out of business. Most savvy brokerage marketers don't even try to differentiate their firms with long-winded explanations about best-execution capabilities. Best execution is a given and impossible to prove. If you want to understand how your money manager allocates brokerage, study his business as a whole, including his marketing and affiliates-not just the investment process.The new English-Russian dictionary of financial markets > soft dollaring
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13 Empire, Portuguese overseas
(1415-1975)Portugal was the first Western European state to establish an early modern overseas empire beyond the Mediterranean and perhaps the last colonial power to decolonize. A vast subject of complexity that is full of myth as well as debatable theories, the history of the Portuguese overseas empire involves the story of more than one empire, the question of imperial motives, the nature of Portuguese rule, and the results and consequences of empire, including the impact on subject peoples as well as on the mother country and its society, Here, only the briefest account of a few such issues can be attempted.There were various empires or phases of empire after the capture of the Moroccan city of Ceuta in 1415. There were at least three Portuguese empires in history: the First empire (1415-1580), the Second empire (1580-1640 and 1640-1822), and the Third empire (1822-1975).With regard to the second empire, the so-called Phillipine period (1580-1640), when Portugal's empire was under Spanish domination, could almost be counted as a separate era. During that period, Portugal lost important parts of its Asian holdings to England and also sections of its colonies of Brazil, Angola, and West Africa to Holland's conquests. These various empires could be characterized by the geography of where Lisbon invested its greatest efforts and resources to develop territories and ward off enemies.The first empire (1415-1580) had two phases. First came the African coastal phase (1415-97), when the Portuguese sought a foothold in various Moroccan cities but then explored the African coast from Morocco to past the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa. While colonization and sugar farming were pursued in the Atlantic islands, as well as in the islands in the Gulf of Guinea like São Tomé and Príncipe, for the most part the Portuguese strategy was to avoid commitments to defending or peopling lands on the African continent. Rather, Lisbon sought a seaborne trade empire, in which the Portuguese could profit from exploiting trade and resources (such as gold) along the coasts and continue exploring southward to seek a sea route to Portuguese India. The second phase of the first empire (1498-1580) began with the discovery of the sea route to Asia, thanks to Vasco da Gama's first voyage in 1497-99, and the capture of strong points, ports, and trading posts in order to enforce a trade monopoly between Asia and Europe. This Asian phase produced the greatest revenues of empire Portugal had garnered, yet ended when Spain conquered Portugal and commanded her empire as of 1580.Portugal's second overseas empire began with Spanish domination and ran to 1822, when Brazil won her independence from Portugal. This phase was characterized largely by Brazilian dominance of imperial commitment, wealth in minerals and other raw materials from Brazil, and the loss of a significant portion of her African and Asian coastal empire to Holland and Great Britain. A sketch of Portugal's imperial losses either to native rebellions or to imperial rivals like Britain and Holland follows:• Morocco (North Africa) (sample only)Arzila—Taken in 1471; evacuated in 1550s; lost to Spain in 1580, which returned city to a sultan.Ceuta—Taken in 1415; lost to Spain in 1640 (loss confirmed in 1668 treaty with Spain).• Tangiers—Taken in 15th century; handed over to England in 1661 as part of Catherine of Braganza's dowry to King Charles II.• West Africa• Fort/Castle of São Jorge da Mina, Gold Coast (in what is now Ghana)—Taken in 1480s; lost to Holland in 1630s.• Middle EastSocotra-isle—Conquered in 1507; fort abandoned in 1511; used as water resupply stop for India fleet.Muscat—Conquered in 1501; lost to Persians in 1650.Ormuz—Taken, 1505-15 under Albuquerque; lost to England, which gave it to Persia in the 17th century.Aden (entry to Red Sea) — Unsuccessfully attacked by Portugal (1513-30); taken by Turks in 1538.• India• Ceylon (Sri Lanka)—Taken by 1516; lost to Dutch after 1600.• Bombay—Taken in 16th century; given to England in 1661 treaty as part of Catherine of Braganza's dowry for Charles II.• East Indies• Moluccas—Taken by 1520; possession confirmed in 1529 Saragossa treaty with Spain; lost to Dutch after 1600; only East Timor remaining.After the restoration of Portuguese independence from Spain in 1640, Portugal proceeded to revive and strengthen the Anglo- Portuguese Alliance, with international aid to fight off further Spanish threats to Portugal and drive the Dutch invaders out of Brazil and Angola. While Portugal lost its foothold in West Africa at Mina to the Dutch, dominion in Angola was consolidated. The most vital part of the imperial economy was a triangular trade: slaves from West Africa and from the coasts of Congo and Angola were shipped to plantations in Brazil; raw materials (sugar, tobacco, gold, diamonds, dyes) were sent to Lisbon; Lisbon shipped Brazil colonists and hardware. Part of Portugal's War of Restoration against Spain (1640-68) and its reclaiming of Brazil and Angola from Dutch intrusions was financed by the New Christians (Jews converted to Christianity after the 1496 Manueline order of expulsion of Jews) who lived in Portugal, Holland and other low countries, France, and Brazil. If the first empire was mainly an African coastal and Asian empire, the second empire was primarily a Brazilian empire.Portugal's third overseas empire began upon the traumatic independence of Brazil, the keystone of the Lusitanian enterprise, in 1822. The loss of Brazil greatly weakened Portugal both as a European power and as an imperial state, for the scattered remainder of largely coastal, poor, and uncolonized territories that stretched from the bulge of West Africa to East Timor in the East Indies and Macau in south China were more of a financial liability than an asset. Only two small territories balanced their budgets occasionally or made profits: the cocoa islands of São Tomé and Príncipe in the Gulf of Guinea and tiny Macau, which lost much of its advantage as an entrepot between the West and the East when the British annexed neighboring Hong Kong in 1842. The others were largely burdens on the treasury. The African colonies were strapped by a chronic economic problem: at a time when the slave trade and then slavery were being abolished under pressures from Britain and other Western powers, the economies of Guinea- Bissau, São Tomé/Príncipe, Angola, and Mozambique were totally dependent on revenues from the slave trade and slavery. During the course of the 19th century, Lisbon began a program to reform colonial administration in a newly rejuvenated African empire, where most of the imperial efforts were expended, by means of replacing the slave trade and slavery, with legitimate economic activities.Portugal participated in its own early version of the "Scramble" for Africa's interior during 1850-69, but discovered that the costs of imperial expansion were too high to allow effective occupation of the hinterlands. After 1875, Portugal participated in the international "Scramble for Africa" and consolidated its holdings in west and southern Africa, despite the failure of the contra-costa (to the opposite coast) plan, which sought to link up the interiors of Angola and Mozambique with a corridor in central Africa. Portugal's expansion into what is now Malawi, Zambia, and Zimbabwe (eastern section) in 1885-90 was thwarted by its oldest ally, Britain, under pressure from interest groups in South Africa, Scotland, and England. All things considered, Portugal's colonizing resources and energies were overwhelmed by the African empire it possessed after the frontier-marking treaties of 1891-1906. Lisbon could barely administer the massive area of five African colonies, whose total area comprised about 8 percent of the area of the colossal continent. The African territories alone were many times the size of tiny Portugal and, as of 1914, Portugal was the third colonial power in terms of size of area possessed in the world.The politics of Portugal's empire were deceptive. Lisbon remained obsessed with the fear that rival colonial powers, especially Germany and Britain, would undermine and then dismantle her African empire. This fear endured well into World War II. In developing and keeping her potentially rich African territories (especially mineral-rich Angola and strategically located Mozambique), however, the race against time was with herself and her subject peoples. Two major problems, both chronic, prevented Portugal from effective colonization (i.e., settling) and development of her African empire: the economic weakness and underdevelopment of the mother country and the fact that the bulk of Portuguese emigration after 1822 went to Brazil, Venezuela, the United States, and France, not to the colonies. These factors made it difficult to consolidate imperial control until it was too late; that is, until local African nationalist movements had organized and taken the field in insurgency wars that began in three of the colonies during the years 1961-64.Portugal's belated effort to revitalize control and to develop, in the truest sense of the word, Angola and Mozambique after 1961 had to be set against contemporary events in Europe, Africa, and Asia. While Portugal held on to a backward empire, other European countries like Britain, France, and Belgium were rapidly decolonizing their empires. Portugal's failure or unwillingness to divert the large streams of emigrants to her empire after 1850 remained a constant factor in this question. Prophetic were the words of the 19th-century economist Joaquim Oliveira Martins, who wrote in 1880 that Brazil was a better colony for Portugal than Africa and that the best colony of all would have been Portugal itself. As of the day of the Revolution of 25 April 1974, which sparked the final process of decolonization of the remainder of Portugal's third overseas empire, the results of the colonization program could be seen to be modest compared to the numbers of Portuguese emigrants outside the empire. Moreover, within a year, of some 600,000 Portuguese residing permanently in Angola and Mozambique, all but a few thousand had fled to South Africa or returned to Portugal.In 1974 and 1975, most of the Portuguese empire was decolonized or, in the case of East Timor, invaded and annexed by a foreign power before it could consolidate its independence. Only historic Macau, scheduled for transfer to the People's Republic of China in 1999, remained nominally under Portuguese control as a kind of footnote to imperial history. If Portugal now lacked a conventional overseas empire and was occupied with the challenges of integration in the European Union (EU), Lisbon retained another sort of informal dependency that was a new kind of empire: the empire of her scattered overseas Portuguese communities from North America to South America. Their numbers were at least six times greater than that of the last settlers of the third empire.Historical dictionary of Portugal > Empire, Portuguese overseas
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